The uTest Scala testing framework can be used to elegantly test your Spark code.
The other popular Scala testing frameworks (Scalatest and Specs2) provide multiple different ways to solve the same thing, whereas uTest only provides one way to solve common testing problems.
Spark users face a lot of choices when testing Spark code (testing framework customizations, creating Spark DataFrames, comparing DataFrame equality) and uTest does a great job making some choices for you and limiting your menu of options.
Let’s dive in an see how uTest can be used to test Scala and Spark code.
Testing Scala code with uTest
Let’s start with the basics and show how uTest can test some pure Scala code.
Add uTest to the build.sbt file to add this testing framework to your project.
libraryDependencies += "com.lihaoyi" %% "utest" % "0.6.3" % "test"
testFrameworks += new TestFramework("utest.runner.Framework")Create a Calculator object with an add() method that adds two integers.
package com.github.mrpowers.spark.daria.utils
object Calculator {
def add(x: Int, y: Int): Int = {
x + y
}
}Create a CalculatorTest file to test the Calculator.add() method.
package com.github.mrpowers.spark.daria.utils
import utest._
object CalculatorTest extends TestSuite {
val tests = Tests {
'add - {
"adds two integers" - {
assert(Calculator.add(2, 3) == 5)
}
}
}
}Important observations about a uTest test file:
import utest._provides access to aTestSuitetrait that all uTest test files must mix inCalculatorTestmust be anobjectand cannot be aclassval tests = Testsmust be included in each test filesbt testruns all the test files in the project, just like other frameworkssbt "testOnly -- com.github.mrpowers.spark.daria.utils.CalculatorTest"only runs the tests in theCalculatorTestfilesbt "testOnly -- com.github.mrpowers.spark.daria.utils.CalculatorTest.add"only runs the tests in the'addexpression'addis an example of a Scala symbol. We could also use a string instead (i.e."add"works too).
Testing Spark code with uTest
spark-testing-base and spark-fast-tests are the two most popular libraries with helper functions for testing Spark code.
spark-testing-base only works with the Scalatest framework, so you’ll need to use spark-fast-tests or write your own test helper methods when using the uTest framework.
Let’s see how uTest and spark-fast-tests are used to test the removeAllWhitespace() function in the spark-daria project. Here’s the removeAllWhitespace() function definition.
object functions {
def removeAllWhitespace(col: Column): Column = {
regexp_replace(col, "\\s+", "")
}
}The spark-fast-tests assertColumnEquality method can be used to verify the equality of two columns in a DataFrame.
You can create a DataFrame, add a column that removes all the whitespace with the removeAllWhitespace function, and compare the actual column that’s appended with your expectations.
The spark-daria createDF method is used to create the DataFrame in this test.
object FunctionsTest
extends TestSuite
with ColumnComparer
with SparkSessionTestWrapper {
val tests = Tests {
'removeAllWhitespace - {
"removes all whitespace from a string" - {
val df = spark.createDF(
List(
("Bruce willis ", "Brucewillis"),
(" obama", "obama"),
(" nice hair person ", "nicehairperson"),
(null, null)
), List(
("some_string", StringType, true),
("expected", StringType, true)
)
).withColumn(
"some_string_without_whitespace",
functions.removeAllWhitespace(col("some_string"))
)
assertColumnEquality(df, "expected", "some_string_without_whitespace")
}
}
}
}We can also test this function by creating two DataFrames and verifying equality with the spark-fast-tests assertSmallDataFrameEquality method.
object FunctionsTest
extends TestSuite
with DataFrameComparer
with SparkSessionTestWrapper {
val tests = Tests {
'removeAllWhitespace - {
"removes all whitespace from a string with a column argument" - {
val sourceDF = spark.createDF(
List(
("Bruce willis "),
(" obama"),
(" nice hair person "),
(null)
), List(
("some_string", StringType, true)
)
)
val actualDF = sourceDF.withColumn(
"some_string_without_whitespace",
functions.removeAllWhitespace(col("some_string"))
)
val expectedDF = spark.createDF(
List(
("Bruce willis ", "Brucewillis"),
(" obama", "obama"),
(" nice hair person ", "nicehairperson"),
(null, null)
), List(
("some_string", StringType, true),
("some_string_without_whitespace", StringType, true)
)
)
assertSmallDataFrameEquality(actualDF, expectedDF)
}
}
}
}The assertSmallDataFrameEquality requires more code than assertColumnEquality. assertSmallDataFrameEquality is also slower because you need to create two DataFrames instead of one. You should always use assertColumnEquality whenever possible.
What testing framework should you use?
I think the uTest framework’s design philosophy of only providing one way performing common tasks makes it the best framework for testing Spark code.
When testing Spark code you’ll already face multiple decisions on if you’ll use a library with Spark test helper methods (spark-fast-tests or spark-testing-base) or if you’ll create your own test helper methods. You don’t need more decisions about the testing framework that you’ll use.
uTest also forces multiple teams to define tests and make assertions the same way. You won’t have one team that uses ===, another team that uses must beEqual, and a third team that uses should be for equality comparisons.
If you’re forced to use Scalatest (because you need to leverage some spark-testing-base features), you should use FreeSpec, so the tests look like uTest specs at least.